..So when our professor said we are required to make out own
EDUBLOG, I was like.. “WHAAAAAAT??!!!!! Seriously?!” haha :) I admit it, I don’t like
writing at all. Haha. I guess its beacause I’m not good at it. Ever since I was
in elementary, when were asked to write long essays, I usually have a hard time
composing a long one. I always end up with 5 sentences or less. haha! I write things directly.
I don’t know how to put some “palabok” (as they call it) in it or to go around
the bush just to make it longer. But now.. As you can see, I have to blogs now
with not just 5 sentences :) haha. Even though I really had a hard time doing it especially in edublogging, it’s
not just merely your thoughts. You have to present facts, your sources and
research beforehand. I ENJOYED EDUBLOGGING :) there, I said it. I learned things in
doing it like... :)
It took me a couple of hours before I could start my 1st
ever blog. The first few hours were
like.. I was just staring at an empty page of MS word. Haha :) then I started to read
and research books and articles. Arranged my thoughts then typed my first blog
ever :)yaaaay! It’s not that complicated right? :)
As you can see.. My first two blogs weren’t as good as those
you’ve read from pro-bloggers. Hehe :) but I’m willing to try and try so that I’d be good in it. One day.. I’d be one
of those pro-bloggers :D
Imitation is not the sincerest form of flattery! :) In writing, I’ve learned
that I have to be unique and creative. i have to be original and not just to copy
from someone else’s work. Yes, I can get
ideas from sources but not to copy as it is. I should have it and do it my way :)
In writing.. I’ve learned that I have to set my goals first.
SO WHAT IS THE MAIN GOAL OF EDUBLOGGING?
I think the main goal of it is to LEARN J
as the writer, I’ve learned things from blogging and my goal is to make my
readers learn from what I’ve written :)
..I owe all these things I’ve learned from our professor :) I thank her coz she never
fails to inspire us :) She’s one of the BEST teachers I’ve met. She did not taught us just lessons
from the books but also real life lessons :) THANKS MA’AM G :D
Toxicology is the
study of substances toxic to the body. It is the
study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms. It is the study
of symptoms, mechanisms, treatments and detection of poisoning, especially the
poisoning of people.
Absorption
of toxins in the gastrointestinal tract is by passive diffusion – this process
requires that the substance cross cellular barriers. Toxins that are not
absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract do not produce systemic effects but
may produce local effects –diarrhea, bleeding and malabsorption of nutrients.
Common substances causing
acute toxicity: Alcohol, acetaminophen, salicylate and carbon monoxide.
Routes of exposure:
Ingestion
Inhalation
Trans dermal absorption
TERMINOLOGIES
·Acute toxicity-
single, short term exposure to a substance
·Chronic toxicity-
repeated exposure for extended period of time
·TD50- is
the dose that would be predicted to produce a toxic response in 50% of the
population.
·LD50-is the dose that would predict death in 50% of the population
·ED50- is
the dose that would be predicted to be effective of have a therapeutic benefit in
50% of the population.
I.TOXIC AGENTS
A.Alcohols
-Common depressants.
-Cause disorientation,
euphoria, confusion and may progress to unconsciousness, paralysis and even
death.
-Symptoms of alcohol
intoxication begin when the concentration is >0.05%w/v (>50 mg/dl blood
alcohol)
1.Ethanol (grain
alcohol) -most common abused
drug -it is converted to
acetic acid -ethanol abuse causes
acidosis through accumulation of ketones and lactates and also through direct
generation of hydrogen ions as alcohol is oxidized -causes diuresis by
inhibiting ADH -“hangover symptoms”
due to the effects of acetaldehyde -Major metabolic
pathway: conversion to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase (AD) -Detection limit: 12 hrs -Fatal dose: 300-400
ml of pure alcohol consumed in less than one hour -Toxic blood levels:
250-400 mg/dl
2.Methanol (wood
alcohol) -Commonly used solvent
and a contaminant of homemade liquors. -Converted first into
formaldehyde, then finally formic acid in the liver -Fatal dose: 60-250 ml
3.Isopropanol (rubbing
alcohol) -Metabolized to
hepatic ADH to acetone -Fatal dose: 250 ml
4.Ethylene glycol
(1,2-ethanediol) -Common constituent of
hydraulic fluid and antifreeze -Converted to oxalic
acid and glycolic acid -Production of final
product leads to deposition of calcium oxalate crystals in renal tubules -Fatal dose: 100 mL
for adults (70 kg)
B.Carbon Monoxide -Colorless, odorless,
tasteless gas -Very toxic substance -Incomplete combustion
of carbon-containing substances like gasoline engines, organic materials in
fire and cigarette smoke. -Toxic levels: 20% CO -Indicator of
toxicity: “cherry red” color of the face -Sample for testing:
EDTA whole blood -Method of testing: co-oximetry
C. Cyanide -Can exist as solid,
gas or in solution; -Super toxic substance -Component of insecticides
and rodenticides -Common suicide agent -Pyrolysis product-
burning of plastics -Characteristic: odor
of bitted almonds -Antidote: sodium
thiosulfate, amyl and sodium nitrite -Toxic symptoms:
tachypnea, convulsions, coma -Toxic levels: >2µg/ml
A.Metals -All metals can be
toxic if ingested in large quantities and absorbed in their ionized forms.
1.Arsenic -Component of
rodenticides, paints and metal alloys -Acute fatal dosage:
120 mg
2.Lead -Component of
household paints -Significant environment
pollutant -Exposure to this
metal results to encephalopathy, birth defects and compromised immunity -Toxicity dose:
>0.5mg/day -Toxic blood levels:
>70µg/dl (definitive lead poisoning)
3.Mercury -Binds with proteins -Small drops of
mercury on bench tops and floors can poison the environment in a poorly
ventilated room. -Significant exposure:
>50µg/dl (whole blood)
II.Drug Abuse
1.Amphetamines
-Therapeutically used
for treating narcolepsy
-Increases mental
alertness and physical capacity
-Structurally related
to dopamine and catecholamine
To start with, let's watch a short video about the Endocrine System :)
Endocrinology is a branch of medicine that deals with
the diseases and specific sections of the Endocrine system. What are these specific secretions? These secretions
are called Hormones. They are responsible for the incorporation of
developmental events such as proliferation, differentiation, growth and the
coordination of metabolism, excretion, reproduction, respiration, movement and
sensory perception depend on chemical cues, substances produced and secreted by
specific cells.
Parts of the Endocrine System
Endocrinology also deals with
the study of the biosynthesis, chemistry, storage and function of hormones with
the cells of the endocrine glands and tissues that secrete them.
The endocrine system comprises
of numerous glands, in different parts of the body, these glands secrete
hormones into the blood rather than into a duct system. Hormones have various
functions and modes of action. some of these functions are:
-keeps a constant internal environment in the body fluids (homeostasis).
- regulates the development of the body as a whole.
- stimulates sexual maturation, maintain sexual rhythms, and enable the
reproductive process.
-controls energy production and stabilize the metabolic rate.
- helps the body to alter to stressful or emergency situations.
- stimulates or prevent the production and release of certain other
hormones.
a hormonemay have numerous effects on different particular
organs, and conversely, one particular organ may be affected by more than one
hormone.
References:
Tortora Gerald, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 12th edition, 2009
Clinical Chemistry Interpretation and Techniques 4th Edition by Alex Kaplan, Bent Toibola, Kent E. Ophein, Andrew E. Lyon
